Planting density is a key aspect of agriculture and horticulture that refers to the spacing of plants within a given area. It is an important factor in determining the overall health and productivity of a crop, as well as the efficiency of resources such as water, nutrients, and sunlight. The optimal planting density can vary depending on the type of plant, soil conditions, climate, and desired outcome (e.g. maximizing yield, promoting growth, preventing disease). Research in this area focuses on identifying the most effective planting densities for different crops and growing conditions, as well as developing strategies to optimize plant spacing for improved crop performance and yield.